AJCN 19th International Congress of Nutrition
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
QUICK SEARCH:   [advanced]


     

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Fleischauer, A. T
Right arrow Articles by Arab, L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Fleischauer, A. T
Right arrow Articles by Arab, L.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Fleischauer, A. T
Right arrow Articles by Arab, L.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 72, No. 4, 1047-1052, October 2000
© 2000 American Society for Clinical Nutrition

Original Research Communication

Garlic consumption and cancer prevention: meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancers1,2,3

Aaron T Fleischauer, Charles Poole and Lenore Arab

1 From the Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

2 Supported by the National Cancer Institute (training grant CA72319-01A1).

3 Address reprint requests to AT Fleischauer, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. E-mail: afleisch{at}sph.unc.edu.


   ABSTRACT
TOP
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Background: Animal and in vitro studies have provided evidence of an anticarcinogenic effect of active ingredients in garlic.

Objective: The objective was to conduct meta-analyses of the epidemiologic literature on the association between garlic consumption and risk of stomach, colon, head and neck, lung, breast, and prostate cancers.

Design: Meta-analyses were conducted for all cancers mutually and separately for colorectal and stomach cancers in relation to consumption of exclusively raw garlic, cooked garlic, or both (RC garlic). Eighteen studies reported a relative risk estimate for RC garlic consumption and cancer risk.

Results: In the meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancer, the reference categories ranged from no consumption to consumption of 3.5 g/wk, whereas the highest categories ranged from any consumption to >28.8 g/wk. The average difference between the highest and lowest categories was 16 g/wk. The random-effects relative risk (RR) estimate of colorectal cancer and RC garlic consumption, excluding garlic supplements, was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.89). For stomach cancer, the random-effects RR estimate was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.92). The heterogeneity among studies for the latter outcome (P = 0.0002) indicates the questionableness of the generalizability of this summary estimate. An indication of publication bias for all cancers combined is evident from a funnel plot of RC garlic consumption and cancer risk and from the results of the Begg and Mazumdar test (P = 0.049).

Conclusions: High intake of RC garlic may be associated with a protective effect against stomach and colorectal cancers. Heterogeneity of effect estimates, differences in dose estimation, publication bias, and possible alternative hypotheses (eg, confounding by total vegetable consumption) preclude sole reliance on summary effect estimates.

Key Words: Garlic • Allium vegetables • cancer risk • colorectal cancer • stomach cancer • meta-analysis • epidemiology • prevention


   INTRODUCTION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Numerous scientific reports imply that vegetable intake may affect cancer incidence. Epidemiologic studies offer evidence that a high consumption of vegetables reduces the risk of colorectal and stomach cancers (1). In addition, there is some evidence that the same is true for cancers of the breast, larynx, and prostate (1). On the basis of results of animal and in vitro studies indicating an anticarcinogenic effect of garlic (Allium sativum), a review of the epidemiologic literature was conducted and presented elsewhere (2, 3). The review suggested a protective effect of high intakes of garlic against cancers of the stomach, colon and rectum, breast, prostate, and larynx. Since the results of this review were published, 3 additional studies of garlic consumption and cancer reported results supporting this hypothesis (4–6). Motivated by this and the findings of animal experiments, we report results from site-specific meta-analyses of the relation between the consumption of raw garlic, cooked garlic, or both raw and cooked garlic (RC) and the risk of cancer in humans.


   METHODS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Epidemiologic studies included in these meta-analyses were identified through a literature search conducted in August 1999. The MEDLINE database (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD) was searched for articles published between 1 January 1966 and 15 August 1999. The reference terms garlic, Allium vegetable, vegetable, diet, and nutrition in combination with cancer, neoplasm, and individual cancer subtypes were used as both key words and subject terms. The search was limited to human studies published in English. In addition, journal articles cited in the primary articles were collected and added to the review. From the {approx}300 studies of vegetable consumption and cancer risk, 22 reported a relative risk (RR) estimate for RC garlic intake and cancer risk. Two of these studies examined the combination of RC garlic and total Allium vegetable consumption and 4 studies examined garlic supplements only. The adjusted RR estimate, CI, P value, year of publication, country, number of subjects, and RC garlic categorization and covariates were abstracted from these studies. From each published report, RR estimates and 95% CIs for the highest category of RC garlic intake compared with the lowest were extracted. Reference groups consisted primarily of nonconsumers of RC garlic. Details of the studies are presented in Tables 1–4GoGoGoGo by cancer site and study design. The individual studies included in the meta-analyses were presented and critiqued in a previous review (2), except for reports published after 1 August 1998 (4–6).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1.. Garlic consumption and stomach cancer: epidemiologic studies1
 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 2.. Garlic consumption and colorectal cancer: epidemiologic studies1
 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 3.. Garlic consumption and head and neck cancers: epidemiologic studies1
 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 4.. Garlic consumption and other sites of cancer: epidemiologic studies1
 
Publication bias was assessed by using a funnel plot method (25). The log RR estimates are plotted against the inverse of the squared estimated SE of the RR estimate (26). Details of this procedure were described elsewhere (25, 26). In brief, the procedure assumes that large studies are more prone to yield results close to the true value than are smaller studies. Larger studies, with smaller SEs and increased power to detect a true effect, will form the spout of a funnel. Smaller studies with larger variance will tend to disperse, forming the cone. Gaps that appear in this graph are an indication of publication bias. Gaps are hypothesized to be particularly likely among studies with high SEs and implausible point estimates. In addition, two-sided P values were obtained for a log-rank test of publication bias, developed by Begg and Mazumdar (27). Results for all cancers are presented in Figure 1Go.



View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIGURE 1. . Funnel plot indicating publication bias in the studies included in the meta-analyses of the association between garlic consumption and risk of stomach, colorectal, head and neck, lung, breast, and prostate cancers. RR, relative risk; OR, odds ratio.

 
A meta-analysis of multiple groupings of the published epidemiologic studies was performed. The SEs were calculated from the extracted RR estimates and 95% CIs by using the following equation:


However, when the 95% CI was not reported, an estimate of the SE was calculated from an exact P value (to >=2 decimal places) by using the following equation:


where z is the z score of the normal distribution for the exact P value. In converting RC garlic consumption frequency (ie, the number of times RC garlic was consumed in a given time period) into grams consumed per week, one serving size was considered to equal one clove of garlic, or {approx}3 g. Average differences in RC garlic consumption between the highest category of intake and the reference group were computed by assigning a midrange dose to each category and averaging values across all reports.

Fixed- and random-effects estimates were computed by using inverse variance weighting (Table 5Go) (26, 28). Fixed-effects estimates assume that the effect measures in the study populations have a uniform value. Random-effects estimates do not assume that the effect measures are uniform across study populations (26, 28); an additional component of among-study variance is added to each study-specific variance estimate. Tests of homogeneity were conducted for each meta-analysis. The P values are presented in Table 5Go.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 5.. Meta-analysis of relative risk (RR) estimates (95% CIs) by cancer site1
 
Seven meta-analyses were performed. The first aggregated all cancer sites and included data from 20 studies; the studies that examined total Allium vegetable consumption were excluded because these reports examined the combination of Allium vegetable and RC garlic consumption (18, 20). Two separate RR estimates for males and females from the studies by Le Marchand et al (12) and Zheng et al (19) were used. A second meta-analysis of all cancers was performed, excluding 4 cohort studies of the relation between garlic supplement consumption and cancers of the stomach, colon, lung, and breast. These 4 studies, all published by Dorant et al (10, 16, 23, 24), analyzed one population—the Netherlands follow-up cohort. Site-specific meta-analyses were subsequently conducted on colorectal and stomach cancers. Three separate meta-analyses of the colorectal cancer studies were conducted: one included all 8 of these studies, one included all 8 of these studies except that by Dorant et al (16), and one included all 8 of these studies except those by Dorant et al (16) and Iscovich et al (11). The latter study examined the relation between cancer risk and the combined consumption of RC garlic, peppers, and onions. A similar procedure was used for the studies of stomach cancer. All 5 stomach cancer studies were aggregated for analysis, and then a separate analysis was made after the study by Dorant et al (10) was excluded.


   RESULTS
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
The funnel plot suggests a deficit of studies with a low number of subjects with results indicating a positive association between RC garlic consumption and cancer risk (Figure 1Go). This was further evidenced in the log-rank test by Begg and Mazumdar (27) for all studies of RC garlic and cancer risk (n = 17; P = 0.049).

The results of the meta-analyses are presented in Table 5Go. The mean (±SD) intake of the highest consumers of RC garlic across all published reports was 18.3 ± 14.2 g/wk, or {approx}6 cloves garlic/wk. In the meta-analyses of colorectal and stomach cancer, the reference categories of RC garlic consumption ranged from no consumption to consumption of 3.5 g/wk ({approx}1 clove), whereas the highest categories of RC garlic intake ranged from any consumption to >28.8 g/wk ({approx}9–10 cloves). The difference between the midrange dose of the highest consumption categories and the midrange dose of the reference groups was {approx}16 g/wk ({approx}5–6 cloves). Each meta-analysis, except for the most reduced colorectal model (n = 6; 2-sided homogeneity; P = 0.17), yielded considerable evidence of heterogeneity (P < 0.0001 to 0.02). As a result of the limited number of studies, a meta-regression using the aforementioned extracted variables was not performed.

Given these limitations, the random-effects RR estimate for all sites of cancer represented in the literature, after removal of the 4 garlic-supplement studies, was 0.54 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.67). The random-effects estimate for the reduced colorectal model (n = 6) was 0.69 (95% CI: 0.55, 0.89). This suggests that high consumption of RC garlic decreases the risk of colorectal cancer from 10% to nearly 50%, with a point estimate of an approximate 30% reduction. The random-effects RR estimate from the stomach cancer model was 0.53 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.92), ie, the RR of developing stomach cancer was reduced by {approx}50% (95% CI: 10%, 70%) with a high consumption of RC garlic.


   DISCUSSION
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
The published epidemiologic evidence suggests that protection against stomach and colorectal cancers is conferred by consumption of RC garlic. Because the studies we reviewed were observational, and many did not control for other dietary differences, a review of interventional studies may be required to confirm the effect, especially because garlic supplements did not show a similar association. Although the mean consumption in the highest categories in all the studies was reported, it is unclear what the minimum dose of garlic necessary to elicit a protective effect might be because there was great heterogeneity of frequency categories among the highest categories, and some reports did not provide quantitative cutoffs. Evidence of heterogeneity of RC garlic intake among studies is not evidence against an effect; rather, it suggests that there are appreciable differences among the results beyond those expected from chance and thus that a single summary estimate does not adequately reflect the literature. It can be argued that these studies may be subject to biases and that the sample sizes at the higher exposure levels were too small. Thus, the strongest evidence for a protective effect of RC garlic consumption exists for stomach and colorectal cancers.

Unlike evidence of heterogeneity, evidence of publication bias does detract from the evidence of an effect. Publication bias almost undoubtedly influenced the results, particularly for stomach and colon cancers, for which several studies were available for analysis. The funnel plot indicated that the apparently protective effect found between RC garlic consumption and cancers of the stomach and colon may have been overestimated or, in extreme cases, entirely due to an absence in the published record of reports with null or positive (RR estimate >1.0) results. If the funnel plot for all studies, both published and unpublished, had the symmetric shape expected by chance, the summary estimates of effect would be closer to the null value.

In addition to evidence of publication bias, interpretation of these meta-analyses is further limited by other considerations. First, the full cancer model should not be considered representative of all cancers because the literature heavily favors colorectal and stomach cancers; other cancer sites were scant or not represented. The most homogeneous models of colorectal cancer (n = 6) and stomach cancer (n = 4) consist of only a small number of reports. Furthermore, the stomach cancer model of RC garlic consumption consists of only 4 case-control studies. The RR estimates for both stomach and colorectal cancers never exceeded 1.0 for the highest level of RC garlic consumption compared with the lowest, suggesting either a protective association across all reports or publication bias.

It is possible that residual confounding accounts for some degree of the association because several reports did not control for total vegetable consumption, the known risk factors for these diseases, or both. Promising results for a potentially protective effect of RC garlic consumption against prostate, laryngeal, and breast cancers were observed, although these results were based on only 4 case-control studies. There was divergent evidence to support a relation with esophageal cancer, in which one smaller report showed a protective effect whereas the other 2 showed no association.

On visual inspection of the few studies of garlic supplements, there appeared to be no association with risk of cancer. A positive relation was reported for exclusive users of garlic supplements and risk of lung cancer. This result may be either a spurious association or the outcome of a physiologic or behavioral interaction with known risk factors for lung cancer, such as smoking. Garlic supplement use has been associated with higher levels of education, physical activity, health complaints, and recent dietary change (29). Further research of the association between garlic supplement consumption and cancer risk is necessary before any definitive conclusions can be made (30).

An alternative hypothesis, which may explain the consistent effect seen in meta-analysis, is the protective effect of total vegetable consumption against cancers of the stomach and colon (31). Total vegetable consumption may be positively correlated with RC garlic consumption. In addition, garlic is most often used as a condiment in recipes and dishes such as pasta sauce and is rarely consumed as a single food. Because of the absence of information on total vegetable consumption in the present meta-analyses, it was not controlled for. The random-effects RR estimates presented are adjusted inasmuch as the individual studies controlled for confounding factors. No further adjustment for confounders was made in the meta-analyses. However, except for one study (13) in which the RR estimate was unadjusted, the estimates included in the meta-analysis were the most-adjusted estimates presented in the studies. Typical adjustments were for known cancer confounders such as age, sex, and other factors.

In the present meta-analyses, the inverse association between RC garlic consumption and stomach and colorectal cancers was consistent. In contrast, garlic supplement consumption in one case-control study of prostate cancer and in 4 studies from the Netherlands cohort of colorectal, stomach, lung, and breast cancers did not appear to be associated with cancer risk. Additional studies are required before definitive conclusions can be drawn about the role of RC garlic and garlic supplement consumption in cancer etiology.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Neal Simonsen for reviewing the manuscript and E Buiatti and L Le Marchand for contributing data additional to those of their published reports.


   REFERENCES
TOP
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. World Cancer Research Fund, American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer: a global perspective. Washington, DC: AICR, 1997.
  2. Fleischauer AT, Kohlmeier L. Garlic and cancer: a critical review of the epidemiologic literature. J Nutr (in press).
  3. Wargovich MJ, Uda N, Woods C, Velasco M, McKee K. Allium vegetables: their role in the prevention of cancer. Biochem Soc Trans 1996;24:811–4.[Medline]
  4. Challier B, Perarnau J-M, Viel J-F. Garlic, onion and cereal fibre as protective factors for breast cancer: a French case-control study. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14:737–47.[Medline]
  5. Levi F, Pasche C, La Vecchia C, Lucchini F, Franceschi S. Food groups and colorectal cancer risk. Br J Cancer 1999;79:1283–7.[Medline]
  6. Gao C-M, Takezaki T, Ding J-H, Li M-S, Tajima K. Protective effect of Allium vegetables against both esophageal and stomach cancer: a simultaneous case-referent study of a high-epidemic area in Jiangsu Province, China. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999;90:614–21.[Medline]
  7. You W, Blot WJ, Chang Y, et al. Allium vegetables and reduced risk of stomach cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:162–4.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  8. Buiatti E, Palli D, Decarli A, et al. A case-control study of diet and gastric cancer in Italy. Int J Cancer 1989;44:611–6.[Medline]
  9. Hansson LE, Nyren O, Bergstrom R, et al. Diet and risk of gastric cancer: a population-based case-control study in Sweden. Int J Cancer 1993;55:181–9.[Medline]
  10. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Sturmans F. Consumption of onions and a reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Gastroenterology 1996;110:12–20.[Medline]
  11. Iscovich JM, L'Abbe KA, Castelleto R, et al. Colon cancer in Argentina. I: Risk from intake of dietary items. Int J Cancer 1992; 51:851–7.[Medline]
  12. Le Marchand L, Hankin JH, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, Englyst HN, Lyu L-C. Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk. Epidemiology 1997;8:658–65.[Medline]
  13. Hu J, Liu Y, Zhao T, Liu S, Wang Q. Diet and cancer of the colon and rectum: a case-control study in China. Int J Epidemiol 1991;20:362–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Steinmetz KA, Kushi LH, Bostick RM, Folsom AR, Potter JD. Vegetables, fruit and colon cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1994;139:1–13.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Ascherio A, Willett WC. Intake of fat, meat, and fiber in relation to risk of colon cancer in men. Cancer Res 1994;54:2390–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on the relationship between onion and leek consumption, garlic supplement use and the risk of colorectal carcinoma in the Netherlands. Carcinogenesis 1996;17:477–84.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  17. Hu J, Nyren O, Wolk A, et al. Risk factors for esophageal cancer in northeast China. Int J Cancer 1994;57:38–46.[Medline]
  18. Gao YT, McLaughlin JK, Gridley G, et al. Risk factors for esophageal cancer in Shanghai, China. II. Role of diet and nutrients. Int J Cancer 1994;58:197–202.[Medline]
  19. Zheng W, Blot WJ, Shu XO, et al. Diet and other risk factors for laryngeal cancer in Shanghai, China. Am J Epidemiol 1992;136:178–91.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  20. Zheng W, Blot WJ, Shu XO, et al. A population-based case-control study of cancers of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses in Shanghai. Int J Cancer 1992;52:557–61.[Medline]
  21. Key TJA, Silcocks PB, Davey GK, Appleby GK, Bishop DT. A case-control study of diet and prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 1997;76:678–87.[Medline]
  22. Levi F, La Vecchia C, Gulie C, Negri E. Dietary factors and breast cancer risk in Vaud, Switzerland. Nutr Cancer 1993;19:327–34.[Medline]
  23. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. A prospective cohort study on Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement use, and the risk of lung carcinoma in the Netherlands. Cancer Res 1994;54: 6148–53.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA. Allium vegetable consumption, garlic supplement intake, and female breast carcinoma incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995;33:163–70.[Medline]
  25. Begg CB, Berlin JA. Publication bias and dissemination of clinical research. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81:107–15.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  26. Greenland S. Meta-analysis. In: Rothman K, Greenland S. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998:643–73.
  27. Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;50:1088–101.[Medline]
  28. Berlin JA, Longnecker MP, Greenland S. Meta-analysis of the epidemiologic dose-response data. Epidemiology 1993;4:218–28.[Medline]
  29. Klipstein-Grobusch K, Kroke A, Voss S, Boeing H. Influence of lifestyle on the use of supplements in the Brandenburg nutrition and cancer study. Z Ernahrungswiss 1998;37:38–46.[Medline]
  30. Dorant E, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Hermus RJJ, Sturmans F. Garlic and its significance for the prevention of cancer in humans: a critical view. Br J Cancer 1993;67:424–9.[Medline]
  31. Hensrud DD, Heimburger DC. Diet, nutrients and gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998;27:325–46.[Medline]
Received for publication August 31, 1999. Accepted for publication March 8, 2000.




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
J. Y. Kim and O. Kwon
Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2009; 89(1): 257 - 264.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
S. N. T. Ngo, D. B. Williams, L. Cobiac, and R. J. Head
Does Garlic Reduce Risk of Colorectal Cancer? A Systematic Review
J. Nutr., October 1, 2007; 137(10): 2264 - 2269.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
A. Herman-Antosiewicz, S. D. Stan, E.-R. Hahm, D. Xiao, and S. V. Singh
Activation of a novel ataxia-telangiectasia mutated and Rad3 related/checkpoint kinase 1-dependent prometaphase checkpoint in cancer cells by diallyl trisulfide, a promising cancer chemopreventive constituent of processed garlic
Mol. Cancer Ther., April 1, 2007; 6(4): 1249 - 1261.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
D. Xiao, K. L. Lew, Y.-A. Kim, Y. Zeng, E.-R. Hahm, R. Dhir, and S. V. Singh
Diallyl Trisulfide Suppresses Growth of PC-3 Human Prostate Cancer Xenograft In vivo in Association with Bax and Bak Induction.
Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2006; 12(22): 6836 - 6843.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Clin. Nutr.Home page
C. Galeone, C. Pelucchi, F. Levi, E. Negri, S. Franceschi, R. Talamini, A. Giacosa, and C. La Vecchia
Onion and garlic use and human cancer.
Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, November 1, 2006; 84(5): 1027 - 1032.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Cancer Res.Home page
J. Antosiewicz, A. Herman-Antosiewicz, S. W. Marynowski, and S. V. Singh
c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase Signaling Axis Regulates Diallyl Trisulfide-Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cell Cycle Arrest in Human Prostate Cancer Cells.
Cancer Res., May 15, 2006; 66(10): 5379 - 5386.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
D. J. Greenblatt, R. A. Leigh-Pemberton, and L. L. von Moltke
In Vitro Interactions of Water-Soluble Garlic Components with Human Cytochromes P450
J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 806S - 809S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
J. T. Pinto, B. F. Krasnikov, and A. J. L. Cooper
Redox-Sensitive Proteins Are Potential Targets of Garlic-Derived Mercaptocysteine Derivatives
J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 835S - 841S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
T. Katsuki, K. Hirata, H. Ishikawa, N. Matsuura, S.-i. Sumi, and H. Itoh
Aged Garlic Extract Has Chemopreventative Effects On 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Tumors in Rats
J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 847S - 851S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
S. A. Ross, J. W. Finley, and J. A. Milner
Allyl Sulfur Compounds from Garlic Modulate Aberrant Crypt Formation
J. Nutr., March 1, 2006; 136(3): 852S - 854S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
L. M. Knowles and J. A. Milner
Diallyl Disulfide Induces ERK Phosphorylation and Alters Gene Expression Profiles in Human Colon Tumor Cells
J. Nutr., September 1, 2003; 133(9): 2901 - 2906.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Nutr.Home page
C. M. Hasler
Functional Foods: Benefits, Concerns and Challenges--A Position Paper from the American Council on Science and Health
J. Nutr., December 1, 2002; 132(12): 3772 - 3781.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
A. W. Hsing, A. P. Chokkalingam, Y.-T. Gao, M. P. Madigan, J. Deng, G. Gridley, and J. F. Fraumeni Jr.
Allium Vegetables and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Population-Based Study
J Natl Cancer Inst, November 6, 2002; 94(21): 1648 - 1651.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Purchase Article
Right arrow View Shopping Cart
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Fleischauer, A. T
Right arrow Articles by Arab, L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Fleischauer, A. T
Right arrow Articles by Arab, L.
Agricola
Right arrow Articles by Fleischauer, A. T
Right arrow Articles by Arab, L.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS