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Novel soybean oils with different fatty acid profiles alter cardiovascular disease risk factors in moderately hyperlipidemic subjects^1,2,3,4

¹ From the Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory (AHL, NRM, SMJ, NAR, LMA) and the Lipid Metabolism Laboratory (EJS), Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston MA

Background: A variety of soybean oils were developed with improved oxidative stability and functional characteristics for use as alternatives to partially hydrogenated fat.

Objective: The objective was to assess the effect of selectively bred and genetically modified soybean oils with altered fatty acid profiles, relative to common soybean and partially hydrogenated soybean oils, on cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Design: Thirty subjects (16 women and 14 men) aged >50 y with LDL-cholesterol concentrations >130 mg/dL at screening consumed 5 experimental diets in random order for 35 d each. Diets contained the same foods and provided 30% of energy as fat, of which two-thirds was either soybean oil (SO), low–saturated fatty acid soybean oil (LoSFA-SO), high–oleic acid soybean oil (HiOleic-SO), low–-linolenic acid soybean oil (LoALA-SO), or partially hydrogenated soybean oil (Hydrog-SO).

Results: Plasma phospholipid patterns reflected the predominant fat in the diet. LDL-cholesterol concentrations were 3.66 ± 0.67^b, 3.53 ± 0.77^b, 3.70 ± 0.66^b, 3.71 ± 0.64^a,b, and 3.92 ± 0.70^a mol/L; HDL-cholesterol concentrations were 1.32 ± 0.32^a,b, 1.32 ± 0.35^b, 1.36 ± 0.33^a, 1.32 ± 0.33^b, and 1.32 ± 0.32^a,b mol/L for the SO, LoSFA-SO, HiOleic-SO, LoALA-SO, and Hydrog-SO diets, respectively (values with different superscript letters are significantly different, P < 0.05). No significant effects were observed on VLDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerol, lipoprotein(a), and C-reactive protein concentrations or on ratios of LDL cholesterol to apolipoprotein B (apo B) and HDL cholesterol to apo A-I. Total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol was lower after subjects consumed the unhydrogenated soybean oils than after they consumed the Hydrog-SO diet.

Conclusions: All varieties of soybean oils resulted in more favorable lipoprotein profiles than did the partially hydrogenated form. These soybean oils may provide a viable option for reformulation of products to reduce the content of trans fatty acids.

Key Words: Soybean oils • selective breeding • genetic modification • cardiovascular disease • CVD risk factors • trans fatty acids • LDL cholesterol • HDL cholesterol • triacylglycerol • C-reactive protein • fatty acids

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