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n–3 Fatty acids and gene expression^1,2,3,4

¹ From the Institute of Human Nutrition (RJD, TSW, and TS), the Department of Pediatrics (RJD, TSW, and TS), and the Department of Pathology (TSW), College of Physicians & Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY

ABSTRACT

Accumulating evidence in both humans and animal models clearly indicates that a group of very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, the n–3 fatty acids (or omega-3), have distinct and important bioactive properties compared with other groups of fatty acids. n–3 Fatty acids are known to reduce many risk factors associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. The mechanisms whereby n–3 fatty acids affect gene expression are complex and involve multiple processes. As examples, n–3 fatty acids regulate 2 groups of transcription factors, such as sterol-regulatory-element binding proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, that are critical for modulating the expression of genes controlling both systemic and tissue-specific lipid homeostasis. Modulation of specific genes by n–3 fatty acids and cross-talk between these genes are responsible for many effects of n–3 fatty acids.

Key Words: Fatty acid • gene expression • EPA • eicosapentaenoic acid • DHA • docosahexaenoic acid • SREBP • sterol-responsive-element binding protein • PPAR • peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

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