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Dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of carotenoids and tocopherols in relation to glucose metabolism in subjects at high risk of type 2 diabetes: the Botnia Dietary Study^1,2,3

¹ From the Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, Division of Nutrition, University of Helsinki (KY); the Departments of Health and Functional Capacity (GA and AA) and Epidemiology and Health Promotion (SMV), the National Public Health Institute, Helsinki; the Department of Endocrinology, University of Lund, Malmö, Sweden (LG); the Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki (CS); the Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland (SMV); and the Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland (SMV).

Background: The role of antioxidants in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is uncertain.

Objective: We evaluated cross-sectional relations of dietary intakes and plasma concentrations of antioxidants with glucose metabolism in a high-risk population.

Design: The subjects were 81 male and 101 female first- and second-degree, nondiabetic relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes. Antioxidant intake data were based on 3-d food records. Subjects taking supplements containing ß-carotene or -tocopherol were excluded. Plasma antioxidant concentrations were measured by HPLC. By using multiple linear regression analysis and adjusting for demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle covariates, we studied whether dietary and plasma - and ß-carotene, lycopene, and - and -tocopherol were related to fasting and 2-h concentrations of glucose and nonesterified fatty acids during an oral-glucose-tolerance test, to the homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance, and to measures of ß cell function (incremental 30-min serum insulin concentration during an oral-glucose-tolerance test and first-phase insulin secretion during an intravenous-glucose-tolerance test).

Results: In men, dietary carotenoids were inversely associated with fasting plasma glucose concentrations (P < 0.05), plasma ß-carotene concentrations were inversely associated with insulin resistance (P = 0.003), and dietary lycopene was directly related to baseline serum concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (P = 0.034). In women, dietary -tocopherol and plasma ß-carotene concentrations were inversely and directly associated, respectively, with fasting plasma glucose concentrations (P < 0.05). In both sexes, cholesterol-adjusted -tocopherol concentrations were directly associated with 2-h plasma glucose concentrations (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: The data suggest an advantageous association of carotenoids, which are markers of fruit and vegetable intake, with glucose metabolism in men at high risk of type 2 diabetes.

Key Words: Glucose concentrations • insulin resistance • insulin secretion • nonesterified fatty acids • dietary intake • plasma concentrations • -carotene • ß-carotene • lycopene • -tocopherol • -tocopherol • relatives of patients with type 2 diabetes

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