Effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on risk factors for ischemic heart disease in postmenopausal women [published erratum appears in Am J Clin Nutr 1997 Aug;66(2):437]

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Effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets on risk factors for ischemic heart disease in postmenopausal women [published erratum appears in Am J Clin Nutr 1997 Aug;66(2):437]

J Jeppesen, P Schaaf, C Jones, MY Zhou, YD Chen and GM Reaven
Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA.

The effects of variations in dietary carbohydrate and fat on various aspects of carbohydrate and lipoprotein metabolism were evaluated in 10 healthy, postmenopausal women. The two diets were isoenergetic, assigned in random fashion, and consisted (as a % of total energy) of 15% protein, 60% carbohydrate, and 25% fat (60%-carbohydrate diet) or 15% protein, 40% carbohydrate, and 45% fat (40%-carbohydrate diet). Fasting plasma triacylglycerol, very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) triacylglycerol, and VLDL-cholesterol concentrations were higher (P < 0.05-0.001) after the 60%-carbohydrate diet, whereas high-density- lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was lower (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin and triacylglycerol concentrations were also higher (P < 0.001) from 0800 to 0000 with the 60%-carbohydrate diet than with the 40%-carbohydrate diet. In addition, when vitamin A was given with the noon meal, the ensuing concentrations of retinyl palmitate were also higher after ingestion of the 60%-carbohydrate diet. Resistance to insulin-mediated glucose disposal, quantified at baseline by determining the steady state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration at the end of a 180-min infusion of somatostatin, insulin, and glucose, correlated with the incremental increases in postprandial concentrations of plasma glucose (r = 0.68, P = 0.06), insulin (r = 0.82, P < 0.02), triacylglycerol (r = 0.77, P < 0.05), and retinyl palmitate (r = 0.68, P = 0.06) and with the Sf > 400 triacylglycerol (r = 0.77, P < 0.05), Sf 20-400 triacylglycerol (r = 0.72, P < 0.05), and Sf > 400 retinyl palmitate (r = 0.75, P < 0.01) lipoprotein fractions. Because all of these changes would increase risk of ischemic heart disease in postmenopausal women, it seems reasonable to question the wisdom of recommending that postmenopausal women consume low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets.

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS

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				D. Letexier, F. Diraison, and M. Beylot Addition of inulin to a moderately high-carbohydrate diet reduces hepatic lipogenesis and plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in humans Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2003; 77(3): 559 - 564. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. M. Wolever and C. Mehling Long-term effect of varying the source or amount of dietary carbohydrate on postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, triacylglycerol, and free fatty acid concentrations in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, March 1, 2003; 77(3): 612 - 621. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. S Juntunen, D. E Laaksonen, K. S Poutanen, L. K Niskanen, and H. M Mykkanen High-fiber rye bread and insulin secretion and sensitivity in healthy postmenopausal women Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, February 1, 2003; 77(2): 385 - 391. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				E. J. Yang, H. K. Chung, W. Y. Kim, J. M. Kerver, and W. O. Song Carbohydrate Intake Is Associated with Diet Quality and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in U.S. Adults: NHANES III J. Am. Coll. Nutr., February 1, 2003; 22(1): 71 - 79. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J.-M. Schwarz, P. Linfoot, D. Dare, and K. Aghajanian Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in normoinsulinemic and hyperinsulinemic subjects consuming high-fat, low-carbohydrate and low-fat, high-carbohydrate isoenergetic diets Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, January 1, 2003; 77(1): 43 - 50. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. L. Sunehag, G. Toffolo, M. S. Treuth, N. F. Butte, C. Cobelli, D. M. Bier, and M. W. Haymond Effects of Dietary Macronutrient Content on Glucose Metabolism in Children J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., November 1, 2002; 87(11): 5168 - 5178. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. J. Toobert, L. A. Strycker, R. E. Glasgow, M. Barrera, and J. D. Bagdade Enhancing support for health behavior change among women at risk for heart disease: the Mediterranean Lifestyle Trial Health Educ. Res., October 1, 2002; 17(5): 574 - 585. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				F. Abbasi, B. W. Brown Jr, C. Lamendola, T. McLaughlin, and G. M. Reaven Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., September 4, 2002; 40(5): 937 - 943. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				S. Liu Intake of Refined Carbohydrates and Whole Grain Foods in Relation to Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease J. Am. Coll. Nutr., August 1, 2002; 21(4): 298 - 306. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				W. Willett, J. Manson, and S. Liu Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, July 1, 2002; 76(1): 274S - 280. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]